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CONTENTS
vii
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO
X
) 37
Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs)
38
Ammonia (NH
3
)
38
Other Transboundary
Pollutants
38
Critical Loads of Acidification
and Eutrophication
38
Responses
39
European Union Legislation 39
Emissions from Industry
39
Road Transport
39
Bituminous Coal Ban
and Domestic Emissions
40
Outlook
40
Conclusion and
Future Challenges
40
References
41
Chapter 4
Water
43
Introduction
44
The Current Situation
44
Groundwater Quality
44
Nitrate and Phosphate
in Groundwater
45
River Water Quality
45
Canal Water Quality
48
Lake Water Quality
48
Transitional and Coastal
Water Quality
50
Drivers and Pressures
51
Responses
51
Water Framework Directive 51
Tackling Diffuse Pollution 52
Domestic Waste Water
Treatment Systems
53
Forestry Issues
53
Tackling Point Source Pollution 54
Outlook
55
Conclusion and
Future Challenges
56
References
57
Chapter 5
Sustainable Resource Use,
Consumption and Waste
59
Introduction
60
The Current Situation
60
Economic Changes
and Waste Generation
60
Municipal Waste
Management
61
Household Waste
62
Commercial Waste
62
Biodegradable
Municipal Waste
63
Producer Responsibility
Initiatives
63
Hazardous Waste
64
Waste Infrastructure
65
Drivers and Pressures
65
Consumption and
Waste Generation
65
Resource Efficiency
66
Responses
66
EU Resource and
Waste Policies
66
National Policy and
Implementation
66
Waste Management
Planning
68
Waste Prevention
and Research
68
Outlook
69
Conclusion and
Future Challenges
70
References
72
Chapter 6
Nature and Biodiversity
75
Introduction
76
The Current Situation
76
Habitats
76
Species
77
Red Lists
77
Drivers and Pressures
78
Responses
78
Legislation
78
Biodiversity Planning
79
Biodiversity in the
Wider Countryside
79
Green Infrastructure
80
Knowledge Base
80
Outlook
81
Protected Areas and Species 81
Biodiversity Planning
and Conservation
81
Socio-economic Benefits
81
Public Awareness
81
Conclusion and
Future Challenges
82
References
82